It's been fun...

...but it's time for a change. For updated blogs, please check (click on images):

AS media

A2 media

A useful acronym: B and H PAIN PIPES

Bricolage & Hyperreality


Playfulness Aesthetic Irony Nihilism


Parody Intertextual Pastiche Eclectic Self referential

As with the previous post link these useful words to the different texts you have studied this year.

Postmodernism: a definition

Label given to Cultural forms since the 1960s that display the following qualities:

Self reflexivity: this involves the seemingly paradoxical combination of self-consciousness and some sort of historical grounding

Irony: Post modernism uses irony as a primary mode of expression, but it also abuses, installs, and subverts conventions and usually negotiates contradictions through irony

Boundaries: Post modernism challenges the boundaries between genres, art forms, theory and art, high art and the mass media

Constructs: Post modernism is actively involved in examining the constructs society creates including, but not exclusively, the following:

• Nation: Post modernism examines the construction of nations/nationality and questions such constructions
• Gender: Post modernism reassesses gender, the construction of gender, and the role of gender in cultural formations
• Race: Post modernism questions and reassesses constructs of race
• Sexuality: Post modernism questions and reassesses constructs of sexuality

We're Still Not Past Postmodernism

An interesting article written by Robert W. Butler (The Kansas City Star 2003)

Postmodern media revision

Postmodern Media

What are the different versions of post-modernism (historical period, style, theoretical approach)?

What are the arguments for and against understanding some forms of media as post-modern?

How do post-modern media texts challenge traditional text-reader relations and the concept of representation?

In what ways do media audiences and industries operate differently in a post-modern world?

Modernism and Postmodernism: clarification of terms

Both are artistic movements in culture, new ways of viewing culture; modernism is characterized by the shift from agricultural to industrial society. Modernist view of culture: was rooted in the idea that "traditional" forms of art, literature, social organization and daily life had become outdated, and that it was therefore essential to sweep them aside and reinvent culture. Modernism encouraged the idea of re-examination of every aspect of existence, from commerce to philosophy, with the goal of finding that which was "holding back" progress, and replacing it with new, and therefore better, ways of reaching the same end. In essence, the Modern Movement argued that the new realities of the 20th century were permanent and imminent, and that people should adapt their world view to accept that what was new was also good and beautiful.

Postmodernism is cultural movement that came after modernism, also it follows our shift from being a industrial society to that of an information society, through globalization of capital. Markers of the postmodern culture include opposing hierarchy, diversifying and recycling culture, questioning scientific reasoning, and embracing paradox. Postmodernism is a term applied to a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture, which are generally characterized as either emerging from, in reaction to, or superseding modernism. In music for example, “pomo” music contains characteristics of postmodern art-- eclecticism in musical form and musical genre, and often combines characteristics from different genres, or employs jump-cut sectionalization (such as blocks). For example, a Gwen Stefani song which references musical “Fiddler On the Roof” or a hip hop song that samples an older song is considered Postmodern. In the horror movie Scream, when the characters reference other horror movies, it is postmodern. “Pomo” tends to be self-referential and ironic

Postmodern style is often characterized by eclecticism, digression, collage, pastiche, and irony. Postmodern theorists see postmodern art as a conflation or reversal of well-established modernist systems, such as the roles of artist versus audience, seriousness versus play, or high culture versus kitsch.

LINK

A2 G325: Section A: Theoretical Evaluation of Production

A2 G325: Critical Perspectives in Media


Section A: Theoretical Evaluation of Production (50 marks)


Candidates answer two compulsory questions. The first requires them to describe and evaluate their skills development over the course of their production work, from Foundation Portfolio to Advanced Portfolio. The second asks them to identify one production and evaluate it in relation to one theoretical concept.

Question 1(a) requires candidates to describe and evaluate their skills development over the course of their production work, from Foundation Portfolio to Advanced Portfolio. The focus of this evaluation must be on skills development, and the question will require them to adapt this to one or two specific production practices.
The list of practices to which questions will relate is as follows:

Digital Technology
Creativity
Research and planning
Post-production
Using conventions from real media texts
　
In the examination, questions will be posed using one or two of these categories.
Where candidates have produced relevant work outside the context of their A Level media course, they are free to additionally refer to this experience.

Question 1(b) requires candidates to select one production and evaluate it in relation to a media concept. The list of concepts to which questions will relate is as follows:

Genre
Narrative
Representation
Audience
Media language

In the examination, questions will be set using one of these concepts only.

Theoretical Evaluation of Production

Post Production: A2 question 1a

What decisions did you make in the post production stage of your products at AS and A2? Evaluate your skills development as well as the success of the decisions-Refer to as many of the post production elements as possible.

Post production elements:

sound
CGI
effectsvideo
commentaryfeedback - roughcutmenu for DVD
creditstransitions/effects
subtitles
marketing (digi-pack)
editing
consumption/exchange

Theoretical Evaluation of Production

Using Conventions From Real Media Texts: A2 Question 1b

In question 1(b) you need to choose one of your media productions to write about. (b) Analyse media representation in one of your coursework productions.



Question 1 - How has your understanding of real media conventions developed over your a level media studies

The codes and conventions in media can be separated into 3 distinct groups - technical (camera techniques & shots), symbolic (ie clothing, colours) written and audio (music etc). These give the text meaning and determine the response of the viewer. They can be used as a basis for simple text analysis.

Postmodern media revision task (13C/13A )

Choose a text you have studied this year and make a revision guide.

Texts include:

• Fight Club


• Pulp Fiction


• Memento


• 24 Hour Party People


• Inglourious Basterds


• Flight Of The Conchords


• memes


• Stockhausen


• Timbaland


• Girl Talk


• David Bowie


• Music videos
  
  

Include a description of the text, explain it in postmodern terms. Offer examples frrom the text that are relevant and detailed. Include pictures or diagrams. Refer to the appropriate theory to reinforce your points. Post on your blog using a Scribd embed. I will compile the work and disseminate next week.

12E lesson checklist

• Read the blog checklist and tidy up your blogs.


• Read the stereotypes document. This will help you revise the seven key areas of representation.


• Read the A grade answer (Monarch of the Glen)


• Watch the Doctor Who clip and make notes in preparation for Wednesday's lesson.

The seven areas of representation

REPRESENTATIONS – COMMON STEREOTYPES

G322 Exemplar Answer (A grade)

G322 Exemplar Answer Cand A High Level

OCR Summer 2009 G322 textual analysis exam

Video extract
TV Drama sequence: Doctor Who, Series 3, Volume 4
Director: Graham Harper and Colin Teague
Date: 2007
Distributor: BBC
Country: UK
Extract Location: Episode 3, Chapter 8
Extract Length: 5 minutes 06 seconds
Location/Cues: Start: 29:20; End: 34:26

Answer the question below, with detailed reference to specific examples from the extract only.

Discuss the ways in which the extract constructs the representation of gender using the following:

• Camera shots, angles, movement and composition
• Editing
• Sound
• Mise en scène

[50 marks]

G322 Textual Analysis and Representation (Unseen Moving Image Extract)

1 Discuss the ways in which the extract constructs the representation of class using the following:

• Camera shots, angles, movement and composition
• Editing
• Sound
• Mise en scène
[Total 50]

G322 instititions and audiences exam questions

Audience and Institution Past Papers

LINK

Grindhouse trailer

Planet Terror trailer

Death Proof trailer

Sexy Beast (trailer) directed by Jonathan Glazer

Wrangler 'Ride' advert directed by Jonathan Glazer

Levis 'Odyssey' advert directed by Jonathan Glazer

UNKLE-Rabbit In Your Headlights directed by Jonathan Glazer

Justice-Stress directed by Romain Gavras

Jus†ice, Stress from ROMAIN-GAVRAS on Vimeo.

Suicide-Ghost Rider

The main sample from the M.I.A. track is taken from this 1977 classic by American duo Suicide.

M.I.A.-Born Free

The video for M.I.A.'s new song "Born Free", viewable over on her website and on Pitchfork (it has been removed from YouTube in the U.S. already, as M.I.A.'s Twitter points out.) It was directed by Romain Gavras.

WARNING: IT IS EXTREMELY GRAPHIC AND VIOLENT AND NOT SAFE FOR WORK.

G325 January 2010

Postmodern Media

Explain why the idea of ‘postmodern media’ might be considered controversial. [50]

Postmodern Theory-Michael Real

Michael Real (1996) outlines some of the basic qualities of postmodernism:

Pastiche — combining together different styles and content from different periods within the same text, creating unusual combinations of borrowed styles from different eras. Music videos use a montage of images taken from classic films, advertising, television, or rap, and filmed with unusual, non-traditional techniques.

Breakdowns of master narratives featuring the final triumph of good over evil through science or human problem-solving, as well as a clear distinction between reality and fiction. This is evident in much of contemporary fiction by DeLillo, Carver, and Atwood, as well as films: Blue Velvet, Pulp Fiction, Mulholland Drive, Run Lola Run, and Memento, and the television series, Twin Peaks. The texts continually elude definitive interpretation of “true meanings,” by parodying and playing with alternative narrative development and assumptions about the meaning of images. The seemingly tranquil town in Blue Velvet is anything but tranquil. Pulp Fiction plays with three different versions of a crime story as borrowed from detective novels and B-crime films. Mulholland Drive, Run Lola Run, and Memento create alternative narratives around the same events, challenging audience assumptions about “what really happened.” Mulholland Drive portrays one version of events based on the traditional story of the innocent female who arrives in Hollywood to become a successful movie star, only to juxtapose that story against a darker version of the same events. Run Lola Run portrays three different versions of the same event. And Memento shows events occurring in reverse, dealing with issues of memory and time. Challenging traditional narratives or ways of knowing conveys the important role of the media in shaping perceptions of reality — that experience as mediated through media images and discourses.

The ways in communication technology creates mass reproduction of texts, creating copies for which there is no original, what Baudrillard (1983) described as a “hyperreality” based on simulation of reality. Much of contemporary art plays with the idea of endless copies or parodying of texts that only create a simulation of reality that focuses on the image or surface of reality. The sculpture, Jeff Koons, creates glossy statues of pop stars such as Michael Jackson, that parody the constant reproduction of pop star images.

The domination of conspicuous consumerism in which everything is commodified or commercialized; to some degree, postmodernism both celebrates and parodies consumer products, as evident in Target ads portraying multiple images of consumer products.

The fragmentation of sensibility and the plurality or multiplicity of perspectives evident in the often random juxtaposition of images in music videos or contemporary art. Films such as Pulp Fiction parodies different versions of reality by using a lot of references to images from previous films, including the image of John Travolta from Saturday Night Fever. This fragmentation and focus on surface images creates self-reflexivity — the need to reflect on the lack of coherent meaning, as well as an ironic humor.

Mulholland Drive trailer

Run Lola Run trailer

Jeff Koons

Michael Jackson and Bubbles, 1988. Ceramic. 42 x 70 1/2 x 32 1/2 in. (106.7 x 179.1 x 82.5 cm).

Jeff Koons (born January 21, 1955) is an American artist known for his giant reproductions of banal objects such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror finish surfaces, often brightly colored. Koons' work has sold for substantial sums including at least one world record auction price for a work by a living artist. Critics are sharply divided in their views of Koons. Some view his work as pioneering and of major art-historical importance. Others dismiss his work as kitsch: crass and based on cynical self-merchandising. Koons himself has stated that there are no hidden meanings in his works.

Institutions and Audiences

Answer the question below, making detailed reference to examples from your case study material to support the points made in your answer.

2 “Media production is dominated by global institutions, which sell their products and services to national audiences.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Candidates must choose to focus on one of the following media areas. You may make reference to other media in your answer.

• Film
• Music
• Newspapers
• Radio
• Magazines
• Video games

Institutions and Audiences – Music Industry (Warp Records)

Media Studies AS Level: Institutions and Audiences – Music Industry


Section B: Institutions and Audiences


Candidates should be prepared to understand and discuss the processes of production,distribution, marketing and exchange as they relate to contemporary media institutions, as well as the nature of audience consumption and the relationships between audiences and institutions. In addition, candidates should be familiar with:


1. The issues raised by media ownership in contemporary media practice;
2. The importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production, distribution and marketing;
3. The technologies that have been introduced in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange;
4. The significance of proliferation in hardware and content for institutions and audiences;
5. The importance of technological convergence for institutions and audiences;
6. The issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically, British) by international or global institutions;
7. The ways in which the candidates’ own experiences of media consumption illustrate wider patterns and trends of audience behaviour.


1.The issues raised by media ownership in contemporary media practice,

• File-sharing (Napster, Pirate Bay etc)
• The invention of, and the death of the CD
• Labels deny deals on file sharing BBC Monday, 28 January 2008
• The demise of the music industry is visible everywhere but in the facts
• UK recorded music sales rise for first time in six years
• Good copy, bad copy’ – Pirate Bay film about illegal filesharing

The Problem With Digital


In the same week that Apple’s CFO, Peter Oppenheimer, confirmed what we all knew – that the iTunes Store doesn’t make money – 7,200 music and technology executives headed to the South of France for the Midem convention to try to figure out once again how to make money out of digital music.
It’s not like it was the first time they have tried. “Monetising the new music experience” – as this year’s Midemnet conference was headlined – has been the key topic at Midem for at least the past 10 years.
And the bad news, which I am sure you have already guessed, is they didn’t solve it this time either.
It was once said that the only sure way to make money out of digital music was to sell tickets to a conference on how to make money out of digital music. Even that one isn’t looking so hot an idea these days.
Midem itself acknowledged attendance was down 10% despite their decision to throw in the previously separately-chargeable Midemnet conference for free. And that came on top of the previous year’s 12% decline.
In truth the Midem organisers did a very good job of showing how to approach structural decline in a customer-focused and innovative way. Not only did they effectively cut the price, they added value in all kinds of ways with the result that the word of mouth on the show was very positive indeed. All things being equal they may even see an increase in numbers next year.
But what of the Big Question – how to make money with digital?
What was depressing was the preponderance of empty buzzwords and sloganising – “we’re moving to music as service” or that old favourite “music like water” – rather than anything specific.
Five minutes listening to “media futurist” Gerd Leonhard is more than enough to realise that his music is more like snake oil and he knows no more and probably less than the rest of us.
Maybe they should have asked a retailer. Surprisingly of the 7,200 delegates at Midem, just 28 were listed as retailers and, as far as I could see, just one of them, Jason Legg, Live Manager of ERA member HMV UK was asked to speak on a panel.
Interestingly, it was Jason’s comments focusing on HMV’s now 1.2m-strong loyalty card database and its ability to cross-sell recorded music, merchandise and concert tickets which gave the most convincing example of how best to monetise music online right now.
Other than Jason, the most convincing speakers in the Midem programme were those from outside the music industry.
Former Sony Classical executive Peter Gelb, now general manager of New York’s Metropolitan Opera gave a fascinating account of how the company had extended its reach, broadened its appeal to younger people ands made money by relaying live performance to cinemas.
Kodak’s Chief Marketing Officer Jeffrey Hayzlett gave an insider’s view of the disruptive power of technology by describing how his company has coped with a collapse in sales of traditional photo film from a $15bn business five years ago to just $200m this year.
And Jonathan Klein, co-founder of the world’s biggest supplier of pictures, Getty Images, told how it has prospered by using the internet to make imagery more accessible than ever before.
Interestingly these “outsiders” all attracted smaller audiences at the conference than did the music industry insiders who delegates had likely heard speak a dozen or more times before.
And what all three had in common was a clear vision coupled to a ruthless commitment to execution. It would not be surprising if after 10 years of discussion, what is really holding back the music industry’s ability to make music online is an inability any longer to see the wood from the trees.
Back in the early days of Midemnet when it was still separate from the main exhibition, it was not uncommon to hear conference delegates congratulate themselves that they were the future, while the predominantly physical business types in the exhibition hall were the past.
Despite 10 years of talking about making money online, perhaps the real split at Midem is between the people in the conference halls talking about making money and not doing so, and those in the exhibition halls, in the hotels and in the bars, most of them in the “old business” who are still doing rather well indeed

Apple: iPhone App and iTunes stores don't make money

Apple's App Store and iTunes Store aren't moneymakers. They're lures for prospective handset customers.

Although Apple's online content and app marts have long been suspected of being more marketing arms than profit centers, CFO Peter Oppenheimer made that belief a certainty on Monday afternoon when speaking with analysts and reporters after announcing Apple's first-quarter financial results for its 2010 fiscal year.

"Regarding the App Store and the iTunes Store, we're running those a bit over break-even, and that hasn't changed," Oppenheimer said. "We're very excited to be providing our developers with just a fabulous opportunity, and we think that's helping us a lot with the iPhone and the iPod touch platforms."

But as a marketing effort, the App Store's long-running, well, "challenges" may have tarnished Apple's rep as much as enticed millions of folks to send their money Cupertino's way.

Examples of the App Store's clunky approvals process are legion: disallowing then allowing Apple-supplied images not once but twice, approving some pointless apps but not others, banning then unbanning streaming 3G TV, rejecting studying but not approving Google Voice and Google Lattitude, refusing then approving then pulling then reapproving a Commadore 64 emulator, and more. Much more.

It hasn't been pretty. But during today's conference call, Apple COO Tim Cook - standing in for Steve Jobs, who was a no-show - defended the App Store approval process.

"I think it's important to keep this in some perspective," he said. "That we have over 100,000 apps on the store, and that over 90 per cent of the apps that we've had have been approved within 14 days of the submission. We created the approval process to really make sure that it protected consumer privacy, to safeguard children from inappropriate content, and to avoid apps that degrade the core experience of the phone."

He also outlined the App Store police guidelines: "Some types of content, such as pornography, are rejected outright. Some things like graphic combat scenes in action games might be approved, but with appropriate age ratings.

"Most of the rejections, however," he continued, "are actually bugs in the code itself. And this is protecting the customer - and the developer to a great extent, because they don't want customers that are unhappy with the apps."

Cook is also of the opinion that reports of the App Store's problems are overstated. "I think what you have here is something that the noise on it occasionally may be much higher than the reality." ®

Bootnote

More than one analyst asked both Oppenheimer and Cook whether Apple's projections for the next quarter's revenue took into account the launch of the long-rumored iPad, but both execs dodged all such questions. To one questioner, Cook replied: "I wouldn't want to take away your joy and surprise on Wednesday when you see our latest creations."

2.The importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production, distribution and marketing

• The entertainment music crossover (X Factor etc)
• Warp on RCRD LBL a well established site that other free and exclusive downloads of tracks. This is a good way of attracting new audiences.
• music and film – Warp Films, using the music distribution channel to sell DVDs of short films like Chris Morris’ My Wrongs

• distribution via phones and internet, eg. Warp’s pioneering BLEEP mp3 and Wav download site that avoided DRM restrictions and hosted the tracks of other smaller labels now has had over 2 million downloads.

DRM-Digital Rights Management



Digital rights management (DRM) is a generic term for access control technologies that can be used by hardware manufacturers, publishers, copyright holders and individuals to impose limitations on the usage of digital content and devices. The term is used to describe any technology that inhibits uses of digital content not desired or intended by the content provider. The term does not generally refer to other forms of copy protection which can be circumvented without modifying the file or device, such as serial numbers or keyfiles. It can also refer to restrictions associated with specific instances of digital works or devices. Digital rights management is used by companies such as Sony, Apple Inc., Microsoft, AOL and the BBC.

The use of digital rights management is controversial. Proponents argue it is needed by copyright holders to prevent unauthorized duplication of their work, either to maintain artistic integrity^[1] or to ensure continued revenue streams.^[2] Some opponents, such as the Free Software Foundation, maintain that the use of the word "rights" is misleading and suggest that people instead use the term digital restrictions management. Their position is essentially that copyright holders are restricting the use of material in ways that are beyond the scope of existing copyright laws, and should not be covered by future laws.^[3] The Electronic Frontier Foundation, and other opponents, also consider DRM systems to be anti-competitive practices.^[4]

Media Convergence





3.The technologies that have been introduced in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange,

Bedroom musicians – ProTools (How ProTools is Destroying Music), GarageBand etc.

Kieran Hebden of Four Tet (who has remixed Warp artists). Interview on Sound on Sound.

Richie Hawtin Tweeting his dj set. Richie Hawtin on twitter.

Warp using a website vote to decide the content of their 20th Anniversary celebration CD. Warp 20 vote.

The use of software like Audiomulch to produce music.

AudioMulch is modular audio software for making music and processing sound. The software can synthesize sound and process live and pre-recorded sound in real-time. The software has been used by: Nine Inch Nails ,Girl Talk and Four Tet amongst others.

4.The significance of proliferation in hardware and content for institutions and audiences

• Prosumers, re-mixing etc
• Squarepusher Video competition for the track Go Spastic
• Balancing traditional 12” market with modern download market

5.The importance of technological convergence for institutions and audiences

• iTunes taking over the music industry. Did iTunes Kill the Record Store? and iTunes Inspires Changes in the Music Industry
• Warp Records set up their own download store called BLEEP in a bid to access the market. They also have a blog BLEEP blog.
• Warp have also set up a film division called Warp films which has its own offshoot called Warp X

6.The issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically, British) by international or global institutions.

• Research briefly Universal Music Group and make notes on the size of their operation. Pay attention to the number of labels they are linked to and the type of artists they oversee. Compare both to Warp.

7.The ways in which the candidates’ own experiences of media consumption illustrate wider patterns and trends of audience behaviour.

G322 Textual Analysis and Representation (Unseen Moving Image Extract)

Answer the question below, with detailed reference to specific examples from the extract only.

Extract: Hotel Babylon Series 1 Episode 5, written by Adrian Hodges, dir. Jamie Payne

1 Discuss the ways in which the extract constructs the representation of ethnicity using the following:

• Camera shots, angles, movement and composition
• Editing
• Sound
• Mise en scène
[Total 50]

G325 January 2010

Section A: Theoretical Evaluation of Production

You must answer both 1(a) and 1(b).

In question 1(a) you need to write about your work for the Foundation Portfolio and Advanced Portfolio units and you may refer to other media production work you have undertaken.

1 (a) Describe how you developed research and planning skills for media production and evaluate how these skills contributed to creative decision making. Refer to a range of examples in your answer to show how these skills developed over time. [25]

In question 1(b) you need to choose one of your media productions to write about.

(b) Analyse media representation in one of your coursework productions. [25]

Section A Total [50]

TV drama-generic conventions

You will find that TV dramas all have the following ingredients:

Characters – even particular kinds of characters: eg, at its most simple, ‘good’ and ‘bad’ characters.

Stories – they all tell stories, whether those stories involve adventure, crime or romance and they often, but not always, end happily.

The stories are told against familiar backdrops: – eg, homes, police stations and offices (for crime dramas), hospitals (for medical dramas) – most of which are created in studios. However, most dramas also use outside locations to create particular effects.

Camerawork – particular kinds of shots are used: eg, sequences involving establishing shots followed by mid-shots of characters, shot/reverse shots to show character interaction and, in particular,close-ups to show the characters’ emotions.

Stories use dialogue to tell the stories. Occasionally, monologues are built in (as voiceovers, a character telling a story).

Music is used to punctuate the action, create effects (suspense, tension) and underline emotional moments.

Particular subgenres tend to have items which make them immediately identifiable – police cars, blue lights, operating theatres and scalpels, triage/reception areas in hospitals. Icons of the genre, they symbolise the (sub)genre.

Disability-individual and social models

Dominant notions of disability: the individual model
The societal view of disability generally conforms to the individual or overcoming or medical model of disability. This holds that disability is inherent in the individual, whose responsibility it is to ‘overcome’ her or his ‘tragic’ disability.
Often this ‘overcoming’ is achieved through medical intervention, such as attempts at ‘cures’. For example, top wheelchair athlete Tanni Grey-Thompson was forced as a child to wear heavy leg callipers which gave her blisters, rather than being offered the simple and practical option of using a wheelchair.
This approach to disability aims for the normalisation of disabled people, often through the medicalisation of their condition.

The social model of disability
This distinguishes between impairment (the physical or mental 'problem') and disability (the way society views it as being a negative). It holds that impairments are not inherently disabling, but that disability is caused by society which fails to provide for people with impairments, and which puts obstacles in their way.
Examples include access: the built environment often does not allow access for people with mobility problems. Discriminatory attitudes are also disabling: for example, the idea that disability is a personal tragedy for the ‘sufferer’ impinges upon disabled people in a variety of negative ways, from their social relationships to their ability to get jobs.
"Disability is produced in different forms, and in different proportions, in different cultures" (Oliver, 1996).

Difference
It has been argued that dominant notions of ‘normality’ and beauty do not allow for the natural range of difference in human form. These notions are not only prejudicial to the acceptance of disabled people, but also increasingly impact on non-disabled people. Charlotte Cooper, for example, applies the social model to obesity, and concludes that there are some important categories through which obesity can be defined as a disability:
• A slender body is ‘normal’
• Fatness is a deviation from the norm.
• Fat and disabled people share low social status.
• Fatness is medicalised (e.g. jaw-wiring and stomach-stapling).
• Fat people are blamed for their greed and lack of control over their bodies.
Consider why it is that fat people or disabled people are rarely portrayed as sexually attractive.

Use of disabled stereotypes

The media continue to enforce disability stereotypes portraying disabled individuals in a negative un-empowering way.

In his 1991 study, Paul Hunt identified 10 stereotypes that the media use to portray disabled people:
The disabled person as pitiable or pathetic
An object of curiosity or violence
Sinister or evil
The super cripple
As atmosphere
Laughable
His/her own worst enemy
As a burden
As Non-sexual
Being unable to participate in daily life
In 2006, the British Film Institute's website breaks down this list into a series of film character examples for each stereotype, from the 1920s up to the present day. The BFI's examples include:
the character of Colin from the Secret Garden - a character who falls into the stereotype of "Pitiable and pathetic; sweet and innocent; a miracle cure"
the "sinister or evil" Dr No, with his two false hands, from the Bond film of the same name
Ron Kovic, the disabled war veteran in Born on the Fourth of July, who is portrayed as "non-sexual or incapable of a worthwhile relationship"
Shakespeare (1999) presents a potential reason behind the use of one of these stereotypes:


"The use of disability as character trait, plot device, or as atmosphere is a lazy short-cut. These representations are not accurate or fair reflections of the actual experience of disabled people. Such stereotypes reinforce negative attitudes towards disabled people, and ignorance about the nature of disability"

In other words, the disability itself is often used as a hook by writers and film-makers to draw audiences into the story. These one-dimensional stereotypes are often distanced from the audience - where characters are only viewed through their impairment, and not valued as people.

Shakespeare (1999) continues:


"Above all, the dominant images [of disabled people] are crude, one-dimensional and simplistic."

G322 textual analysis: The Street

How is the representation of disability constructed in this extract?

Rubber Johnny directed by Chris Cunningham

Dead Man's Shoes's trailer

Bunny and the Bull trailer

Bleep of faith: 20 years of Warp Records

It's one of the UK's greatest independent labels, responsible for introducing the world to Aphex Twin, LFO, Boards of Canada and Squarepusher. But the origins of Warp Records, which celebrates its 20th birthday this year, were much humbler. The track that would inspire a revolution in UK dance music was conceived in a teenager's bedroom.

LINK

Institutions and Audiences: The technologies that have been introduced at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange

Bedroom musicians – ProTools, GarageBand etc.

Kieran Hebden of Four Tet (who has remixed Warp artists). Interview on Sound on Sound.

Richie Hawtin Tweeting his dj set. Richie Hawtin on twitter.

Warp using a website vote to decide the content of their 20th Anniversary celebration CD. Warp 20 vote.

The use of software like Audiomulch to produce music.

AudioMulch is modular audio software for making music and processing sound. The software can synthesize sound and process live and pre-recorded sound in real-time. The software has been used by: Nine Inch Nails ,Girl Talk and Four Tet amongst others.

Institutions and Audiences: The importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production, distribution and marketing

• The entertainment music crossover (X Factor etc)
• music and film – Warp Films, using the music distribution channel to sell DVDs of short films like Chris Morris’ My Wrongs

• distribution via phones and internet, eg. Warp’s pioneering BLEEP mp3 and Wav download site that avoided DRM restrictions and hosted the tracks of other smaller labels now has had over 2 million downloads.

Buckets Of Dead Friends directed by Owain Anderson and Aiden Barker-Dean

Spaghetti Westerns and Spaced in two minutes of carnage.

Brogue directed by Hannah Skidmore

A stylish slice of Film Noir.

Not Just A Flu directed by Eugene Blake

A superb homage to George A. Romero.

Institutions and Audiences

Today we will be watching a short documentary about Warp, an interview with Richard James aka Aphex Twin and a short film about the threat posed to independent record shops. You will need to make notes on all the elements watched. Ensure you embed the clips in your blogs along with the notes you make in today's lesson.

I Need That Record